Companys Rights To Prohibit Employees From Smoking Off The Job Essay

Companys Rights To Prohibit Employees From Smoking Off The Job - Essay Example Representatives are regularly charged high protection premiums that may likewise go about as a helper for avoiding smoking (Hill, 2006, pp.1-3). Boycott in smoking through laws has been found to lessen the aloof smoking as it were. Improvement in wellbeing states of such workers has been acquired. The help for such bans has appeared to build (Callinan, Clarke, Doherty and Kelleher, 2010, p.2). An adjustment in the smoking conduct is likely when working environments acquire restrictions on smoking. Workers will in general smoke less and numerous representatives may even stop smoking. Smokers who really attempt to stop smoking have really been seen as more effective than others (Burns, Shanks, Major, Gower and Shopland, n.d., p.104). Forbidding smoking inside associations is essential and henceforth strong to my perspectives. It tends to be comprehended that individuals who don't smoke would experience the ill effects of aloof smoking in the event that others smoke inside an office. Especially since an association is a shut territory, it would be all the more languishing over the non-smokers. Consequently smoking should be precluded inside the working regions. Additionally, if representatives are not permitted to smoke in their work environments, this may bit by bit help them to diminish their propensities for smoking which is evidently better for their wellbeing. In this manner, considering both the issues of the smokers’ wellbeing just as the sufferings of non-smokers from detached smoking, I can't help suspecting that preclusion of smoking in work environments ought to be profoundly upheld and followed in all associations. The Cons: If the instance of Ford Meter Box can be considered there are two issues that emerge one being the issue of opportunity, and the other being the issue of security. The boycott in smoking makes individual issue by hindering the opportunity of a worker. The private issue emerges when the representative needs to give a nicotine test. Regardless of whether an organization can interrupt into the protection of a representative raises matters of genuine concern. Contentions on the side of Ford may discover the cost factors sufficiently noteworthy to direct such tests (Hooker, 2003, pp.11-12). The more noteworthy issues emerge when organizations attempt to direct the smoking of their representatives even at their living arrangements. For instance, â€Å"in Indiana, a worker was terminated on the grounds that she smoked cigarettes in her own home† (ACLU Briefing Paper Number 12, n.d.). A few government and state laws exist that ensure the privileges of the workers

Kabbalahs Place in Jewish Mysticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Kabbalahs Place in Jewish Mysticism - Essay Example The paper Kabbalah’s Place in Jewish Mysticism is keen on investigating its effect upon the individual and aggregate existence of the Jews from one perspective, and its relationship with Christian way of thinking on the other. Since enchantment is viewed as the method of revealing the hid real factors of all inclusive wonders through soul’s immediate or circuitous experience with the Creator, by looking for motivation from Him. It is hence, one specific class out of the devotees having a place with all Abrahamic religions practice the equivalent in one manner or the other so as to acquire knowledge, novel spiritualist experience and profound inspire too through reflection, rumination and thought. Notwithstanding, the ways and strategies received by different orders seem, by all accounts, to be dissimilar ones in nature, however the goal is indeed the very same for example assessment of reality and real factors of universe so as to move toward the Creator; the equivalent is applied to Kabbalah, which not just appreciates basic status in mysticism and otherworldliness, yet in addition gives off an impression of being the establishment of Jewish supernatural quality, trailed by different networks and s ocieties in various structures. The first and most seasoned one among the three Abrahamic strict religions, Judaism fills in as one of the antiquated conviction frameworks of the world, which looks for its motivation from divine disclosure and complete code of having a precise existence under the charges presented by the prophets of God to the offspring of Abraham by direct otherworldly rules sent from the Creator of the universe to the sacred men.

An Overview of Eating Disorders

An Overview of Eating Disorders June 25, 2019 More in Eating Disorders Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention Eating disorders can cause emotional distress and significant medical complications. Formally classified as feeding and eating disorders in the most recent Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), eating disorders are complex conditions that can seriously impair health and social functioning. They also have the highest mortality rate of any mental disorder. Who Is Affected? Contrary to popular belief, eating disorders do not only affect teenage girls. They occur in people of all genders, ages, races, ethnicities, and socioeconomic statuses. However, they are more commonly diagnosed in females. Males are underrepresented in eating disorder statisticsâ€"the stigma of having a condition associated primarily with females often keeps them from seeking help and getting diagnosed. Furthermore, eating disorders may also present differently in males. Eating disorders have been diagnosed in children as young as six as well as in older adults and senior citizens. The different ways in which eating disorders manifest in these populations can contribute to their unrecognizable nature, even by professionals. While eating disorders affect people of all ethnic backgrounds, they are often overlooked in non-white populations as a result of stereotyping. The mistaken belief that eating disorders only affect affluent white females has contributed to the lack of public health treatment for othersâ€"the only option available to many marginalized populations. And, although not well-studied, it is postulated that the experience of discrimination and oppression among transgender populations contribute to higher rates of eating and other disorders among transgender individuals. Most Common Types Binge Eating Disorder (BED), the most recently recognized eating disorder, is actually the most common. It is characterized by repeated episodes of binge eatingâ€"defined as the consumption of a large amount of food accompanied by a feeling of loss of control. It is found in higher rates among people of larger body size. Weight stigma is commonly a confounding element in the development and treatment of BED.Bulimia Nervosa (BN) involves recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviorsâ€"behaviors designed to make up for the calories consumed. These behaviors may include vomiting, fasting, excessive exercise, and laxative use.Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is characterized by the restricted intake of food which leads to a lower than expected body weight, fear of weight gain, and disturbance in body image. Many people are unaware that anorexia nervosa can also be diagnosed in individuals with larger bodies. Despite the fact that anorexia is the eating disorder that receives the most attention, it is actually the least common.Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorder (OSFED) is a catchall category that includes a wide range of eating problems that cause significant distress and impairment but do not meet the specific criteria for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or binge eating disorder. People who are diagnosed with OSFED often feel invalidated and unworthy of help, which is not true. OSFED can also be as serious as other eating disorders and can include subclinical eating disorders. Research shows that many people with subclinical eating disorders will go on to develop full eating disorders. Subclinical eating disorders can also describe a phase that many people in recovery pass through on their way to full recovery. Other Eating Disorders Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is an eating disorder that involves a restricted food intake in the absence of the body image disturbance commonly seen in anorexia nervosa.Orthorexia Nervosa is not an official eating disorder, though it has attracted a great deal of recent attention as a proposed diagnosis. It involves adhering to a theory of healthy eating to the point that one experiences health, social, and occupational consequences. Symptoms Although symptoms of different eating disorders vary, there are some that may indicate a reason to investigate further: Frequent weight changes or being significantly underweightDietary restrictionPresence of purging, laxative or diuretic usePresence of binge eatingPresence of excessive exerciseNegative body image It is not uncommon for people with eating disorders, especially those with anorexia nervosa, to not believe they are ill. This is called anosognosia. Co-Occurring Issues Eating disorders often occur along with other mental disorders, most often anxiety disorders, including: ??Obsessive-compulsive disorderGeneralized anxiety disorderSocial anxiety disorderBody dysmorphic disorder Anxiety disorders usually predate the onset of an eating disorder. Often, individuals with eating disorders also experience depression and score high on measures of perfectionism. Genetics and Environment Eating disorders are complex illnesses. While we do not definitively know what causes them, some theories exist. It appears that 50 percent to 80 percent of the risk for developing an eating disorder is genetic, but genes alone do not predict who will develop an eating disorder. It is often said that “genes load the gun, but environment pulls the trigger.” Certain situations and eventsâ€"often called “precipitating factors”â€"contribute to or trigger the development of eating disorders in those who are genetically vulnerable. Some environmental factors implicated as precipitants include dieting, weight stigma, bullying, abuse, illness, puberty, stress, and life transitions. It has also become common to blame eating disorders on the media. But if the media caused eating disorders, everyone would have them. You must have a genetic vulnerability in order for eating disorders to develop. How Eating Disorders Affect Health Because food is essential for regular functioning, eating disorders can significantly affect physical and mental operations. A person does not have to be underweight to experience the medical consequences of an eating disorder. Eating disorders affect every system of the body: Bones may become weaker, leading to irreversible issues.Brains may lose mass, although this seems to be reversible with full and sustained weight restoration and continued full nutrition.Cardiovascular problems may develop in response to both restriction and purging.Dental problems are common side effects of self-induced vomiting. Getting Help Early intervention is associated with an improved outcome, so please do not delay seeking assistance. Life may even need to be put on hold while you focus on getting well. And once you are well, you will be in a much better position to appreciate what life has to offer. Help is available in a variety of formats: Stepped-Care Approach. It is common to start treatment with the lowest level of care and progress to higher levels as needed.Self-Help. Some individuals with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder may be helped by self-help or guided-self help based on the principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). The individual works through a workbook, manual or web platform, to learn about the disorder and develops skills to overcome and manage it. Self-help is contraindicated for anorexia nervosa.Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The best-studied outpatient therapy for adult eating disorders, CBT commonly includes the following elements:Self-monitoring via paper or applicationsMeal planningDelays and alternativesRegular eatingCognitive restructuringLimiting body-checkingFood exposureBody image exposureRelapse preventionFamily-Based Treatment (FBT). This is the best-studied treatment for children and adolescents with eating disorders. Essentially, the family is a vital part of the tre atment team. Parents commonly provide meal support which allows the young person to recover in their home environment. Another important element of FBT is externalizing the eating disorder.Weekly Outpatient Treatment. This is the usual starting point for those who have access to treatment and typically includes treatment by a team of professionals including a therapist, a dietitian, and a medical doctor. Other successful outpatient therapies for adult eating disorders include dialectical behavior therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy. Cognitive remediation therapy is a relatively new treatment under investigation for anorexia nervosa.Intensive Treatment. For individuals needing a higher level of care, treatment is available at multiple levels, including intensive outpatient, partial hospitalization, residential and hospital levels of care. In these settings, treatment is almost always provided by a multidisciplinary team. Get Help With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Lending Support If you are the parent of a minor with an eating disorder, then it is wise for you to seek treatment on their behalf. Supporting a child with an eating disorder is hard work, but there are resources for you. If your loved one with an eating disorder is an adult, you can still play an important role in helping them too. Since people with eating disorders often do not believe they have a problem, family members and significant others play a critical role in getting them help. Although recovery from an eating disorder can be challenging and sometimes long, it definitely is possible.

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Nineteenth Century Short Stories and the Gothic Genre Essay

Nineteenth Century Short Stories and the Gothic Genre The three short stories that I have chosen to compare and contrast are: The Signalman by Charles Dickens, An Arrest by Ambrose Bearcy and Napoleon and the Spectre by Charlotte Brontà «. All these stories were completed by the mid to late eighteenth hundreds. The Signalman is set by a railway in Britain, along a lonely stretch of a railway line in a steep cutting. An Arrest is set in America and for the most part in a forest. Napoleon and the Spectre is set in Paris. Gothic genre was one of the leading and most used genres of the nineteenth century and this genre is very prevalent in all three of the stories that I have chosen. The gothic genre originated from South†¦show more content†¦The darkness also gives a sense of mystery to the authors writing. In the glow of an angry sunset, the stranger re-visits the line to see the signalman. The word angry is far from comfortable or romantic. This line also gives an eerie feel to the fading light and gives a feel that suggests that something is must and is about to happen that is dark and evil. An Arrest by Ambrose Bearcy is a story of a murderer who was awaiting his trial, escaped by knocking down his jailer with an iron bar, and went into the forest. It was night and the forest in to which, he entered was renowned for being wild and unsafe. He goes for many a mile and some how manages to exit the forest and finds an old road and on the road there stood the figure of a man, motionless in the gloom. The gothic style protrudes from this line of the novel very clearly and adds to the sense of suspense and fear that is plaguing this scene. The fugitive is almost face to face with the figure of a man, and feels he cannot turn his back for fear of being filled with buckshot, so he stood there like a tree. The fugitive is hoping that if he stands still enough he will become a tree and escape this horror. Until the moon sailed into a patch of unclouded sky, the haunted man saw the visible embodiment of law lift an arm and point significantly beyond him. At which heShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Develoment of the Horror Genre1076 Words   |  5 Page s The term Gothic is significant for the understanding of the origins and development of the horror genre. Both of these genres differ, whilst Gothic literature is the text that explores the frightening extremes in mankind, horror focuses more on the unknown. The Gothic horror genre has changed over time and retains importance because it is the antecedent of the horror genre. Factors such as the definition of the word Gothic, the archetypes of the genre, and its social and historical contexts, haveRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Tell Tale Heart 1291 Words   |  6 PagesWhat honestly makes a novel gothic? Is it the madness, the horror or the secrets hidden in the story line that does it? Individually when each of you close your eyes and visualise a book that has been flicked by hundreds and has been adored what comes to mind? The famous Edgar Allan Poe stands out in the history of gothic texts, especially his novel the â€Å" Tell-Tale Heart†. However there is a numerous amount of contemporary texts based off this genre including Tim Burton’s â€Å" Vincent†. In this presentationRead MoreEvolution of Horror Essays1497 Words   |  6 Pages71811473 Writing 39B 18 April 2013 The Evolution of Horror For centuries, stories of monsters, demons and other unholy abominations have brought fear to the hearts of audiences in commercially convenient doses. Noel Carroll, Ph.D., in his article â€Å"The Nature of Horror†, argues that the existence of monsters and supernatural entities alone do not define a horror novel or film â€Å"for monsters inhabit all sorts of stories, such as fairy tales, myths, and odysseys, that we are not wont to identifyRead MoreThe Life of Edgar Allan Poe1119 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieve his works to be masterpieces. However, one thing that is not up for debate is the fact that Edgar Allan Poe is a literary genius. Edgar Allan Poe, the creator of the ratiocinative story and the amateur sleuth and leading contributor to the gothic genre, is the greatest author of the mid-nineteenth century. According to the author of The Critical Survey of Mystery Detective Fiction, Revised Edition, Charles E. May, Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. PoesRead MoreAnalysis Of `` The Scarlet Letter `` By Edgar Allen Poe892 Words   |  4 Pagesof the nineteenth century the Romanticism movement was starting to reach its apex. However, one of its sub-genres would have a longer impact on literature. It was gothic fiction, a genre that according to study.com â€Å"involved elements of fear, horror, death, and gloom, but it also included romantic elements of nature and very high emotion, such as fear and suspense, and often concentrated on individuality†. The most famous writer of gothic fiction during the early to mid nineteenth century was EdgarRead MoreResurrected Love: an Analysis of Edgar Allen Poes Ligeia Essay1442 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allen Poes short story Ligeia, in a style much like that of The Fall of the House of Usher, has all t he makings of a classic, gothic horror tale. It is a story of a love so strong that it overcomes the realms of death. The unnamed narrator is so in love with the Lady Ligeia, as she is with him, that her untimely death soon after their marriage was unable to separate them. Ligeia rejoins the narrator in life through the body of another, Lady Rowena Trevanion of Tremaine. Rowena is the secondRead MoreFive Short Stories of Edgar Allan Poe Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesBarnabà ¡s Kanik Five short stories of Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) pioneered many of the most enduring forms of American popular culture, including detective story and the Gothic or sensational tale. I will compare and contrast five short stories of Poe: The Gold-Bug, The Purloined Letter, â€Å"Thou Art the Man†, The Cask of Amontillado and The Pit and the Pendulum. The genre, the purpose and role of the narrator and the parallelism between all of the stories will be examined. Read MoreThe History of Repeated Madness and Violence in The Mulatto by Victor Sejour and The Child Who Favored Daughter by Alice Walker601 Words   |  3 PagesVictor Sejour’s short story â€Å"The Mulatto† from 1837 and Alice Walker’s story â€Å"The Child Who Favoured Daughter† from her collection In Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Women in 1973 are fine examples of African American gothic representing the complexity of racism within society and the theme of female sexuality. The stories have several themes in common that they address in their distinct manner. For instance, the representation of the slave community surrounding the main characters in â€Å"The Mulatto†Read MorePoe vs. Hawthorne: Dark But Not Necessarily Gothic Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pageseighteenth and early nineteenth century, a new literary genre sprung up, the Gothic story. In the United States, the most prominent exponent of Gothic fiction was Edgar Allen Poe, whose à ¢â‚¬Å"horror† tales conjure up the dark side that many of us at least half-believe is hidden just beneath the surface of the most conventional lives. In this paper we will discuss the Gothic in light of two of Poe’s stories, â€Å"Ligeia†, and â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† and contrast Poe’s story with a somewhat dark taleRead MoreThe term gothic is often portrayed as dark, mysterious, horrific, and suspenseful. During the1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe term gothic is often portrayed as dark, mysterious, horrific, and suspenseful. During the eighteenth and nineteenth century gothic writing became a successful genre in the world of fiction. Many fictional works during this time period were gothic and known for being dark and creepy leaving the reader in a state of pleasing terror. Edgar Allan Poe became one of the most popular gothic poets of his time, and mostly known for the unusual and disturbing themes throughout his poems. A common theme

Nt1330 Free Essays

Questions: 1. How many users will we be having? 2. How many different departments will we be having? 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Nt1330 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Which departments will need what permissions as far as access to computers, printers, and scanners? 4. Will everyone be at one site or will we have multiple buildings? 5. And what is our budget for designing the new AD DS infrastructure. 6. Should we buy physical servers for each location? 7. Should we create multiple domains for each department? My answers: I would say that the amount of users we have is about 200. And we will have plenty of room to expand in case we ever need to expand up to another 300 Users if we need to. And we will only have 5 departments (IT, H. R, Distribution, Maintenance, and Staff). As far as what departments permissions go we will have to sit with all department heads and come up with a valuable plan to benefit everyone. And since we are in a trucking distribution company named Spike’s Distro. We will only have one site for our infrastructure. The reason being is because we only have one building that everyone works out of. Our budget for creating this new infrastructure is going to be $35,000 to buy all the servers and switches needed including the computers to hold the active directory and domain servers. And we should buy physical servers as they are more efficient than virtual servers are. We should only create one domain per department. The only time we will need to create more is if we expand to more than one building. How to cite Nt1330, Papers Nt1330 Free Essays Questions: 1. How many users will we be having? 2. How many different departments will we be having? 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Nt1330 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Which departments will need what permissions as far as access to computers, printers, and scanners? 4. Will everyone be at one site or will we have multiple buildings? 5. And what is our budget for designing the new AD DS infrastructure. 6. Should we buy physical servers for each location? 7. Should we create multiple domains for each department? My answers: I would say that the amount of users we have is about 200. And we will have plenty of room to expand in case we ever need to expand up to another 300 Users if we need to. And we will only have 5 departments (IT, H. R, Distribution, Maintenance, and Staff). As far as what departments permissions go we will have to sit with all department heads and come up with a valuable plan to benefit everyone. And since we are in a trucking distribution company named Spike’s Distro. We will only have one site for our infrastructure. The reason being is because we only have one building that everyone works out of. Our budget for creating this new infrastructure is going to be $35,000 to buy all the servers and switches needed including the computers to hold the active directory and domain servers. And we should buy physical servers as they are more efficient than virtual servers are. We should only create one domain per department. The only time we will need to create more is if we expand to more than one building. How to cite Nt1330, Essay examples

Tax Reforms in Zimbabwe free essay sample

This study applies the concepts of elasticity and buoyancy to determine whether tax reforms in Zimbabwe achieved these objectives. Elasticities and buoyancies are computed for the pre-reform period as well as the post-reform period. Evidence suggests that reforms had a positive impact on the overall tax structure and on the individual tax handles. In fact, the elasticity of indirect taxes was low and that of direct taxes was high, especially after the reforms. Despite this positive impact, the reforms failed to make VAT responsive to changes in income, although VAT was predominant in the tax structure. This was mainly aimed at reducing Government expenditures, particularly the recurrent expenditures, and redirecting resources to the productive sector. As a result the budget deficit was targeted to reach 5% of GDP by 1994/95 from a level of about 10 % of GDP, that is by end of the first phase of the reform programme. Reform the tax system to improve quality and resource allocation; Targeting to reduce the tax ratio from 35% of GDP to about 33% by the end of the reform period; Introduce cost forms, a case of Zimbabwe recovery measures to boost non-tax revenues; Removal of subsidies, which stood at 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Tax Reforms in Zimbabwe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page % of GDP in1990/91; Reduction of the civil service wage bill from 16. 5% of GDP to 12. 9% by 1994/95; Allocate some resources to civil servants made redundant, the poor and the unemployed. In the literature tax reform includes key issues as: †¢ Dispersion of tax rates; †¢ De-emphasizing steeply progressive tax rate structure; †¢ Reducing the tax burden of export and import sectors; and †¢ Strengthening tax administration. The trend in total revenue to GDP in Zimbabwe remained almost constant at levels around 27% of GDP. The research question will then be why the revenues remained constant throughout the reform period. One hypothesis could be an indication that the tax reforms which took place – if there were any at all did not have an impact on revenue performance or this could be traced to delays in implementing improved tax administration measures. The research will have to establish this. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM Despite close to a decade of economic reforms in Zimbabwe, the result has been further decline in economic performance. This lack of response to macroeconomic adjustment policies pointed to a need to revisit the more realistic, but much neglected socio-cultural, political and other institutional factors as possible explanatory variables of this observed poor performance. It is our contention, therefore, that it is not only economic factors, but also a host of other complex historical, political and socio-cultural determined factors that continue to impede the success of the economic reforms in Zimbabwe. A clear understanding of the role played by these factors in determining the reform outcomes in Zimbabwe is very important. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY Knowing and understanding the key political and socio-cultural constraints to economic reforms in Zimbabwe can be of great importance for re-designing economic reform policy and its ultimate implementation. This can be done, for example, through drafting all-inclusive participatory policy reform interventions that reduce the severity of the identified po litical and cultural constraints and related impediments to undertaking meaningful economic reforms in Zimbabwe. In other words a deeper understanding of the political, institutional and socio-cultural factors that determine the success or failure of economic reforms in Zimbabwe is of vital importance for policy-making reasons, hence the need to undertake this study. 7 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The general objective of the research project is to increase the body of knowledge for the design and implementation of future reforms in Zimbabwe, including lessons that can be learnt from the failed past reform efforts. The specific objectives of this research, however, are: †¢ To provide analysis and evidence of reasons for the failure of reform efforts in Zimbabwe to provide analysis and evidence or no evidence of the role of stakeholders in the design, implementation and outcomes of the reform programmes in Zimbabwe, as well as methods used to consult and ensure or not to ensure their participation in the reform process; †¢ To assess the social costs and benefits of the reform process and to identify who the potential losers were or those who shouldered the burden of adjustment; †¢ To increase the domestic capacity to undertake research related to major economic and political reform in Zimbabwe; and †¢ To derive some policy implications based on the findings of this research that will find their way into formulation of future reform policies in Zimbabwe. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Essentially three broad research questions that are going to be addressed by this study are as follows: W ith reference to the failed Zimbabwean reform efforts: †¢ Why did Zimbabwe undertake reforms? †¢ What factors enabled Zimbabwe to adopt reforms and how did these factors shape reform design and implementation? †¢ How well did the reforms perform and, what were the results? With special reference to the failed Zimbabwean reform efforts, answers will also be sought for the following specific additional questions: †¢ Which main stakeholder groups with an interest in the country’s economic and political reforms were consulted or are being consulted? †¢ What role did lack of information and awareness about the reform programmes result in lack of ownership and therefore poor participation by all the concerned stakeholders, particularly the poor? †¢ Is it true that lack of political will and lobbying by certain interested groups, which saw their interests threatened by the reforms explains the failure of Zimbabwe’s economic reforms? If the above is true, what should have been done or should be done in the future to minimize the resistance to the reform process by those interest groups that are bound to lose as a result of the form process? †¢ Is it true that adverse and often change resistant ideologies, socio-cultural and so cietal norms also explain the failure of meaningful reforms to take place in Zimbabwe? HYPOTHESES This research project, in addition to the above research questions, will also be fundamentally guided by six testable hypotheses. These hypotheses are: †¢ Domestic crises triggered/beget reforms in Zimbabwe. †¢ External factors shaped Zimbabwe’s reforms, particularly the collapse of socialism, the influence of the IMF and the World Bank, world economy shocks, and learning/imitation from other countries. Reforms in Zimbabwe were blocked after they have been started as individual uncertainty gets resolved and losers became organized and asked for higher compensation and finally stopped their continuation. †¢ Lack of an explicit involvement or consultation of all the relevant stakeholders at the reform policy formulation/design and implementation stages, implying lack of consensus building and broad ownership of reforms, is partly responsible for the failure of the re form process in Zimbabwe. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The Zimbabwean research team advocates for an inclusive and consultative-based research process targeting all the relevant stakeholders, particularly the poor communities, which are in most cases adversely affected by the reform process. This is because some of the conventional research methodologies used in Zimbabwe in the past to study the reform processes did not include a participatory approach to doing research that can enhance both relevance and effectiveness of the research process itself. Such conventional research methodologies have in most cases produced disappointing results, which have further marginalized the poor and therefore continue to exclude them from crucial government decision-making processes in Zimbabwe. It is against this background that the active participation of local actors, the poor, policy makers, representatives of the business community, disadvantaged groups and other interested stakeholders in the Zimbabwean research project is of fundamental importance. This is because it is going to be part of the research team’s strategy to nurture participatory-based policy making, implementation and evaluation processes as well as social analysis in Zimbabwe. DATA COLLECTION METHODS Since studying reforms in Zimbabwe calls for the need to gather both qualitative and quantitative information from our respondents, in this study, besides the use of available secondary data, e. g. documents, reports, books, files, statistics, etc. , additional qualitative and quantitative information is going to be gathered through the use of individual case studies. Much emphasis will also be put on personal observations and intensive informal discussions with respondents and key informants during the study period and providing a well-documented description of the reform process and outcomes in Zimbabwe. This description is going to rely heavily on secondary data to be gathered from both national and international sources and will involve summarizing empirical results obtained by other studies and discussing the performance of economic variables such growth, investment, exports, savings, macro stability and competitiveness rankings; social indicators such as income/assets distribution, poverty, earnings, health and nutritional status, education enrolment, and social expenditure levels; and political indicators such as political awareness, autonomy, confidence/credibility in government; etc. Real changes in exports and imports are good indicators of effectiveness of trade liberalization policies during reforms and therefore will calculate in the process of doing the study. The outcome of the financial reform will be analysed by observing the following: †¢ Ratio of broad money to GDP; †¢ Concentration ratio as measured by share of assets of largest banks to total bank assets; and †¢ Price stability or inflation trends overtime. Another indicator, however, which is associated with financial reform, is desegmentation of the financial sector so that they can offer a broad array of financial services. The new types of products, which were introduced during the reform will also be catalogued and analysed. The effectiveness of tax reform measures will be assessed through the following amongst others: †¢ Tax revenue to GDP ratio; and †¢ Ratio of international trade taxes to total revenue. The above will be aided by the conduct of an analytical narrative of the whole reform process, which will help us to analyse the causal factors or the driving forces behind the reform. In addition micro level case studies will be used to qualitatively test of some our hypothesis. Informal interviews are going to be carried out with all important persons who were advisers, academics, donor agencies, business leaders, union leaders, consumer and student representatives, farmers’ and employers’ representatives, central bank and government officials as well as heads of institutions, committees and task forces that were created to strengthen state capacity to implement reforms during the reform period.